添加10,663字节、
2015年7月9日 (四) 11:55 by 三足乌
<div align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;"><font face="宋体" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><font style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 17.5pt;">三字经</font></font></span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;"><font style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 17.5pt;"> </font></span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;"><font face="宋体" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><font style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 17.5pt;">第三讲</font></font></span></div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><div align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;"><font face="宋体" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><font style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14.5pt;">第一节</font></font></span></div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">1.</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">课程回顾（5 min</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">）</span></div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">引导学生回顾上节课内容，主讲总结：孟母三迁、黄香温习、孔融让梨。</div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">2.</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">课程讲述二（40 min</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">）</span></div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">介绍课文，助教协助故事讲述；</div><div align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;"><font face="楷体" style="word-wrap: break-word;">自羲农 至黄帝 号三皇 在上世；唐有虞 号二帝 相揖逊 称盛世</font></span></div><div align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;"><font face="楷体" style="word-wrap: break-word;">夏有禹 商有汤 周文武 称三王；夏传子 家天下 四百载 迁夏社</font></span></div><div align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;"><font face="楷体" style="word-wrap: break-word;">汤伐夏 国号商 六百载 至纣亡；周武王 始诛纣 八百载 最长久</font></span></div><div align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word;"></div><div align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;"><font face="楷体" style="word-wrap: break-word;">女娲补天</font></span></div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">根据《三皇本纪》记载，水神共工与火神祝融交战。共工被祝融打败，用头去撞西方的世界支柱不周山，导致天塌陷，天河之水注入人间。女娲不忍人类受灾，于是炼五色石补好天空，折神鳖之足撑四极，平洪水杀猛兽，人类始得以安居。</div><div align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word;"></div><div align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;"><font face="楷体" style="word-wrap: break-word;">三皇</font></span></div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">伏羲，是制伏野兽的意思。伏羲根据龙马身上的花纹发明了渔网，使人类文明进入了渔猎时代。传说中，伏羲氏造琴瑟、教嫁娶，做书契代结绳。</div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">神农氏姓姜，号炎帝。他是农业的始祖、又是医药之王，药王庙供奉的药王就是神农氏。也有供药王孙思邈的。</div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">黄帝被尊为“人文初祖”。黄帝姓姬，名轩辕。从黄帝开始中国历史开始记年，从甲子年开始记起，至今有5000年。黄帝手下有六个大臣，各有贡献。创造文字的是仓颉，仓颉造字；制作音乐的是伶论，伶伦造乐；隶首做算数，大挠造甲子，岐伯作医学，胡曹造衣裳。黄帝时代完成了包括指南车、历法、舟车、弓箭、宫室等在内的传统科技成果和发明创造，代表了中国人对人类物质文明的贡献。</div><div align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word;"></div><div align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;"><font face="楷体" style="word-wrap: break-word;">大禹治水</font></span></div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">帝尧时，中原洪水泛滥造成水患灾祸，百姓愁苦不堪。帝尧命令鲧治水，鲧受命治理洪水水患，鲧用障水法，也就是在岸边设置河堤，但水却越淹越高，历时九年未能平息洪水灾祸。接着命鲧的儿子禹继任治水之事。</div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">禹召集百姓前来协助，他视察河道，并检讨鲧治水失败的原因。禹总结了其父亲治水失败的教训，改革治水方法以疏导河川治水为主导，用水利向低处流的自然趋势，疏通了九河。禹亲自率领老百姓餐风露宿，整天泡在泥水里疏通河道，把平地的积水导入江河，再引入海洋。</div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">治水期间，禹翻山越岭，淌河过川，拿着量测仪工具，从西向东，一路测度地形的高低，树立标杆，规划水道。他带领治水的民工，走遍各地，根据标杆，逢山开山，遇洼筑堤，以疏通水道，引洪水入海。禹为了治水，费尽脑筋，不怕劳苦，三过家门而不入。十三年后，洪水得到了治理。因治洪水有功，人们为表达对禹的感激之情，尊称他为“大禹”，即“伟大的禹”。</div><div align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word;"></div><div align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;"><font face="楷体" style="word-wrap: break-word;">武王伐纣·牧野之战</font></span></div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">商朝后期，周武王十一年（前1059年）一月二十六日，此时纣王派大军远征东夷，周武王见机不可失，在太公吕尚等人辅佐下，以兵车三百乘，虎贲（精锐武士）三千人，东进突袭商朝，总兵力甲士四万五千人。</div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">二月二十一日，周军抵达孟津，与庸、卢、彭、濮、蜀、羌、微、髳等“方国”（商为王畿，臣属为方国）部落部队会合。二十八日周军由孟津冒雨东进，从汜地（今河南荥阳汜水镇）渡过黄河，至百泉（今河南辉县西北）而东行，每天近三十公里的速度急行军，直捣商纣的行在朝歌（今河南淇县），二月二十六日抵达牧野（今河南省新乡市）。</div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">纣王得知消息，只得仓促部署军队，但此时主力远在东南地区，无法即时征调。只好武装大量奴隶迎战周师，《诗经》上称“殷商之旅，其会如林”。史称有七十万之众，较夸张，但兵力肯定较周武王军队多许多。二十七日清晨，周军庄严誓师，历数商纣王种种暴行，即为尚书所记载之“牧誓”。</div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">誓师结束，武王下令发起总攻，先遣太公吕尚以数百名精锐部队出击，武王亲率主力跟进冲杀，商军中的奴隶和战俘全无斗志，倒戈攻击纣王，周军在牧野（今河南省新乡市）大破商军，商朝大军顷刻瓦解。纣王见大势已去，仓惶逃回朝歌，登鹿台，“蒙衣其珠玉，自燔于火而死”，史称“牧野之战”。</div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">各故事请助教讲解（上述资料仅供参考）。</div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">3.</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">主讲布置下节课主要内容（5min</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">）</span></div><div align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word;"></div><div align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;"><font face="宋体" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><font style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14.5pt;">第二节</font></font></span></div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">1.</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">回顾上节课内容 </span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">（10min</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">）</span></div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">女娲补天、三皇、大禹治水、武王伐纣</div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">2.</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">过家家 </span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">（30min</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">）</span></div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">学生分组，自选主题，自行编排；</div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">助教引导、协助（请勿成为主导）</div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">3.</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">成长日记撰写（10 min</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">）</span></div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">学生书写成长日记。</div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;"></div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">助教需求：</span>两到四名</div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700;">教具需求：</span>主讲准备</div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">打印拼音版三字经15份</div><div align="left" style="word-wrap: break-word;">打印教案5份</div></div>